Los Servicios Judiciales que ha organizado Bufete Illueca, están destinados ha atender casos en los cuales usted puede estar en la circunstancia de que sea usted el que Demande o sea el Demandado.
Las Demandas están vinculadas con los contratos que usted haya firmado o suscrito y que por determinados motivos o circunstancias sean objetos de un incumplimiento.
Las áreas en las cuales nos especializamos están vinculadas con los siguientes temas:
Los Servicios Judiciales que brinda Bufete Illueca a través de su Departamento Judicial se basan en los siguientes principios:
Para accesar a nuestros servicios legales tenga la amabilidad de contactar a nuestro personal del Departamento Judicial
[accordion]
[toggle title=»Estadísticas e indicadores relevantes»]
[tabs] [tab title=»Starting a Business»]
| DB 2015 Rank | 38 | DB 2014 Rank*** | 36 | Change in Rank | -2 |
|---|
| DB 2015 DTF** (% points) | 91.93 | DB 2014 DTF** (% points) | 91.85 | Change in DTF** (% points) | up0.08 |
|---|
| Indicator | Panama | Latin America & Caribbean | OECD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Procedures (number) | 5.0 | 8.3 | 4.8 |
| Time (days) | 6.0 | 30.1 | 9.2 |
| Cost (% of warehouse value) | 6.4 | 31.1 | 3.4 |
| No. | Procedure | Time to Complete | Associated Costs |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hire a registered agent | 1 day | USD 200 |
| 2 | Request and obtain environmental study | 1 day | USD 75 |
| 3 | Register at the Mercantile Division of the Public Registry and pay Annual Franchise Tax | 2 days | — |
| 4 | Obtain a notice of operation (“aviso de operación”) through the “Panama emprende” website | 1 day | USD 55 for legal entities |
| 5 | Request an employers’ inscription number from the Social Security Administration | 1 day | No charge |
[/tab] [tab title=»Getting Credit»]
| DB 2015 Rank | 17 | DB 2014 Rank*** | 45 | Change in Rank | 28 |
|---|
| DB 2015 DTF** (% points) | 75.00 | DB 2014 DTF** (% points) | 60.00 | Change in DTF** (% points) | 15.00 |
|---|
| Indicator | Panama | Latin America & Caribbean | OECD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Strength of legal rights index (0-12) | 7 | 5 | 6 |
| Depth of credit information index (0-8) | 8 | 5 | 7 |
| Credit registry coverage (% of adults) | 0.0 | 12.6 | 12.1 |
| Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) | 63.0 | 39.3 | 67.0 |
| Depth of credit information index (0-8) | Private credit bureau | Public credit registry | Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| Are data on both firms and individuals distributed? | Yes | No | 1 |
| Are both positive and negative credit data distributed? | Yes | No | 1 |
| Are data from retailers or utility companies – in addition to data from banks and financial institutions – distributed? | Yes | No | 1 |
| Are at least 2 years of historical data distributed? (Credit bureaus and registries that distribute more than 10 years of negative data or erase data on defaults as soon as they are repaid obtain a score of 0 for this component.) | Yes | No | 1 |
| Are data on loan amounts below 1% of income per capita distributed? | Yes | No | 1 |
| By law, do borrowers have the right to access their data in the credit bureau or credit registry? | Yes | No | 1 |
| Can banks and financial institutions access borrowers’ credit information online (for example, through an online platform, a system-to-system connection or both)? | Yes | No | 1 |
| Are bureau or registry credit scores offered as a value-added service to help banks and financial institutions assess the creditworthiness of borrowers? | Yes | No | 1 |
| Score («yes» to either public bureau or private registry) | 8 |
| Strength of legal rights index (0-12) | |
|---|---|
| Does an integrated or unified legal framework for secured transactions that extends to the creation, publicity and enforcement of functional equivalents to security interests in movable assets exist in the economy? | No |
| Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in a single category of movable assets, without requiring a specific description of collateral? | Yes |
| Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in substantially all of its assets, without requiring a specific description of collateral? | Yes |
| May a security right extend to future or after-acquired assets, and may it extend automatically to the products, proceeds or replacements of the original assets? | No |
| Is a general description of debts and obligations permitted in collateral agreements; can all types of debts and obligations be secured between parties; and can the collateral agreement include a maximum amount for which the assets are encumbered? | Yes |
| Is a collateral registry in operation for both incorporated and non-incorporated entities, that is unified geographically and by asset type, with an electronic database indexed by debtor’s name? | Yes |
| Does a notice-based collateral registry exist in which all functional equivalents can be registered? | No |
| Does a modern collateral registry exist in whichregistrations, amendments, cancellations and searches can be performed online by any interested third party? | No |
| Are secured creditors paid first (i.e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a debtor defaults outside an insolvency procedure? | Yes |
| Are secured creditors paid first (i.e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a business is liquidated? | Yes |
| Are secured creditors subject to an automatic stay on enforcement when a debtor enters a court-supervised reorganization procedure? Does the law protect secured creditors’ rights by providing clear grounds for relief from the stay and/or sets a time limit for it? | No |
| Does the law allow parties to agree on out of court enforcement at the time a security interest is created? Does the law allow the secured creditor to sell the collateral through public auction and private tender, as well as, for the secured creditor to keepthe asset in satisfaction of the debt? | Yes |
| Score (number of «yes» responses) | 7 |
| Coverage | Private credit bureau | Public credit registry |
|---|---|---|
| Number of individuals | 1,497,048 | 0 |
| Number of firms | 73,036 | 0 |
| Total | 1,570,084 | 0 |
| Percentage of adult population | 63.0 | 0.0 |
[/tab] [tab title=»Registering Property»]
| DB 2015 Rank | 61 | DB 2014 Rank*** | 66 | Change in Rank | 5 |
|---|
| DB 2015 DTF** (% points) | 74.65 | DB 2014 DTF** (% points) | 73.64 | Change in DTF** (% points) | 1.01 |
|---|
| Indicator | Panama | Latin America & Caribbean | OECD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Procedures (number) | 7.0 | 7.0 | 4.7 |
| Time (days) | 22.5 | 63.3 | 24.0 |
| Cost (% of warehouse value) | 2.4 | 6.1 | 4.2 |
| No. | Procedure | Time to Complete | Associated Costs |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Obtain a non-encumbrance certificate at the Public Registry Office | 1-2 days (simultaneous with Procedures 2 & 3) | USD 30 |
| 2 | Obtain a certificate of good standing online from the Autoridad Nacional de Ingresos Públicos | Less than a day (online procedure and simultaneous with procedure 1 and 3) | no cost online |
| 3 | Obtain a non-debt water certificate («certificado de Paz y Salvo») | 1 day (simultaneous with Procedures 1 & 2) | USD 1.25 |
| 4 | A lawyer prepares the sale agreement | 2 days | USD 200 (lawyer’s fees) |
| 5 | Payment of the Transfer and Capital Gains Taxes | 2 days | 2% of property value (transfer tax) + 3% of property value (capital gains tax, not included in the cost calculation) |
| 6 | Notarization of the sale agreement and preparation of the public deed | 2 days | USD 100 |
| 7 | The public deed is filed and recorded at the Public Registry Office under the name of the buyer | 2 weeks | 0.3% of property price (registration fee) + USD 5 for filing + USD 10 for analyzing the document |
[/tab] [tab title=»Enforcing Contracts»]
| DB 2015 Rank | 84 | DB 2014 Rank*** | 85 | Change in Rank | +1 |
|---|
| DB 2015 DTF** (% points) | 58.87 | DB 2014 DTF** (% points) | 58.87 | Change in DTF** (% points) | 0.00 |
|---|
| Indicator | Panama | Latin America & Caribbean | OECD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time (days) | 686.0 | 736.9 | 539.5 |
| Cost (% of claim) | 38.0 | 30.6 | 21.4 |
| Procedures (number) | 32.0 | 39.8 | 31.5 |
| Indicator | |
|---|---|
| Time (days) | 686 |
| Filing and service | 30 |
| Trial and judgment | 291 |
| Enforcement of judgment | 365 |
| Cost (% of claim) | 38 |
| Attorney cost (% of claim) | 24.8 |
| Court cost (% of claim) | 13 |
| Enforcement Cost (% of claim) | 0.2 |
| Procedures (number) | 32 |
[/tab] [tab title=»Protecting Minority Investors»]
| DB 2015 Rank | 76 | DB 2014 Rank*** | 75 | Change in Rank | -1 |
|---|
| DB 2015 DTF** (% points) | 55.83 | DB 2014 DTF** (% points) | 55.83 | Change in DTF** (% points) | 0.00 |
|---|
| Indicator | Panama | Latin America & Caribbean | OECD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Extent of disclosure index (0-10 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 6.6 |
| Extent of director liability index (0-10) | 4.0 | 5.1 | 5.4 |
| Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) | 8.0 | 6.4 | 7.2 |
| Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0-10) | 5.3 | 5.1 | 6.4 |
| Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10.5) | 10.5 | 6.4 | 8.0 |
| Strength of governance structure index (0-10.5) | 1.5 | 2.9 | 4.6 |
| Extent of corporate transparency index (0-9) | 5.5 | 3.0 | 6.1 |
| Extent of shareholder governance index (0-10) | 5.8 | 4.1 | 6.2 |
| Strength of minority investor protection index (0-10) | 5.6 | 4.6 | 6.3 |
| Score | Score Description | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of disclosure index (0-10) | 4.0 | |
| Which corporate body can provide legally sufficient approval for the Buyer-Seller transaction? (0-3) | 1 | Shareholders or board of directors including interested parties |
| Is disclosure by the interested director to the board of directors required? (0-2) | 0 | No disclosure obligation |
| Is disclosure of the transaction in published periodic filings (annual reports) required? (0-2) | 2 | Disclosure on the transaction and on the conflict of interest |
| Is immediate disclosure of the transaction to the public and/or shareholders required? (0-2) | 1 | Disclosure on the transaction only |
| Must an external body review the terms of the transaction before it takes place? (0-1) | 0 | No |
| Extent of director liability index (0-10) | 4.0 | |
| Can shareholders sue directly or derivatively for the damage caused by the Buyer-Seller transaction to the company? (0-1) | 1 | Yes |
| Can shareholders hold the interested director liable for the damage caused by the transaction to the company? (0-2) | 1 | Liable if negligent |
| Can shareholders hold members of the approving body liable for the damage cause by the transaction to the company? (0-2) | 1 | Liable if negligent |
| Must the interested director pay damages for the harm caused to the company upon a successful claim by a shareholder plaintiff? (0-1) | 1 | Yes |
| Must the interested director repay profits made from the transaction upon a successful claim by a shareholder plaintiff? (0-1) | 0 | No |
| Can both fines and imprisonment be applied against the interested director? (0-1) | 0 | No |
| Can a court void the transaction upon a successful claim by a shareholder plaintiff? (0-2) | 0 | Only in case of fraud or bad faith |
| Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) | 8.0 | |
| Before filing suit, can shareholders owning 10% of the company’s share capital inspect the transaction documents? (0-1) | 1 | Yes |
| Can the plaintiff obtain any documents from the defendant and witnesses during trial? (0-3) | 3 | Any relevant document |
| Can the plaintiff request categories of documents from the defendant without identifying specific ones? (0-1) | 1 | Yes |
| Can the plaintiff directly question the defendant and witnesses during trial? (0-2) | 2 | Yes |
| Is the level of proof required for civil suits lower than that of criminal cases? (0-1) | 0 | No |
| Can shareholder plaintiffs recover their legal expenses from the company? (0-2) | 1 | Yes if successful |
| Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10.5) | 10.5 | |
| Can shareholders amend company bylaws or statutes with a simple majority? | 1.5 | Yes |
| Can shareholders owning 10% of the company’s share capital call for an extraordinary meeting of shareholders? | 1.5 | Yes |
| Can shareholders remove members of the board of directors before the end of their term. | 1.5 | Yes |
| Must a company obtain its shareholders’ approval every time it issues new shares? | 1.5 | Yes |
| Are shareholders automatically granted subscription rights on new shares? | 1.5 | Yes |
| Must shareholders approve the election and dismissal of the external auditor? | 1.5 | Yes |
| Can shareholders freely trade shares prior to a major corporate action or meeting of shareholders? | 1.5 | Yes |
| Strength of governance structure index (0-10.5) | 1.5 | |
| Is the CEO barred from also serving as chair of the board of directors? | 0 | No |
| Must the board of directors include independent board members? | 0 | No |
| Must a company have a separate audit committee? | 0 | No |
| Must changes to the voting rights of a series or class of shares be approved only by the holders of the affected shares? | 1.5 | Yes |
| Must a potential acquirer make a tender offer to all shareholders upon acquiring 50% of a company? | 0 | No |
| Is cross-shareholding between 2 independent companies limited to 10% of outstanding shares? | 0 | No |
| Is a subsidiary barred from acquiring shares issued by its parent company? | 0 | No |
| Extent of corporate transparency index (0-9) | 5.5 | |
| Must ownership stakes representing 10% be disclosed? | 0 | No |
| Must information about board members’ other directorships as well as basic information on their primary employment be disclosed? | 1 | Yes for listed companies |
| Must the compensation of individual managers be disclosed? | 1 | Yes for listed companies |
| Must financial statements contain explanatory notes on significant accounting policies, trends, risks, uncertainties and other factors influencing the reporting? | 1.5 | Yes |
| Must annual financial statements be audited by an external auditor? | 1 | Yes for listed companies |
| Must audit reports be disclosed to the public? | 1 | Yes for listed companies |
[/tab] [tab title=»Trading Across Borders»]
| DB 2015 Rank | 91.25 | DB 2014 Rank*** | 8 | Change in Rank | -1 |
|---|
| DB 2015 DTF** (% points) | 91.25 | DB 2014 DTF** (% points) | 92.09 | Change in DTF** (% points) | -0.84 |
|---|
| Indicator | Panama | Latin America & Caribbean | OECD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Documents to export (number) | 3 | 6 | 4 |
| Time to export (days) | 10.0 | 16.8 | 10.5 |
| Cost to export (US$ per container) | 665.0 | 1,299.1 | 1,080.3 |
| Cost to export (deflated US$ per container) | 665.0 | 1,299.1 | 1,080.3 |
| Documents to import (number) | 3 | 7 | 4 |
| Time to import (days) | 9.0 | 18.7 | 9.6 |
| Cost to import (US$ per container) | 1,030.0 | 1,691.1 | 1,100.4 |
| Cost to import (deflated US$ per container) | 1,030.0 | 1,691.1 | 1,100.4 |
| Nature of Export Procedures | Duration (days) | US$ Cost |
|---|---|---|
| Documents preparation | 5 | 160 |
| Customs clearance and inspections | 1 | 50 |
| Ports and terminal handling | 1 | 65 |
| Inland transportation and handling | 3 | 390 |
| Totals | 10 | 665 |
| Nature of Import Procedures | Duration (days) | US$ Cost |
|---|---|---|
| Documents preparation | 6 | 150 |
| Customs clearance and inspections | 1 | 225 |
| Ports and terminal handling | 1 | 265 |
| Inland transportation and handling | 1 | 390 |
| Totals | 9 | 1,030 |
| Export documents |
|---|
| Bill of Lading |
| Commercial Invoice |
| Customs Export Declaration |
| Import documents |
|---|
| Bill of lading |
| Commercial Invoice |
| Customs Import Declaration |
[/tab] [tab title=»Resolving Insolvency»]
| DB 2015 Rank | 132 | DB 2014 Rank*** | 131 | Change in Rank | -1 |
|---|
| DB 2015 DTF** (% points) | 33.66 | DB 2014 DTF** (% points) | 33.55 | Change in DTF** (% points) | 0.11 |
|---|
| Indicator | Panama | Latin America & Caribbean | OECD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time (years) | 2.5 | 2.9 | 1.7 |
| Cost (% of estate) | 25.0 | 16.4 | 8.8 |
| Outcome (0 as piecemeal sale and 1 as going concern) | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) | 27.7 | 36.0 | 71.9 |
| Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.8 |
| Management of debtor’s assets index (0-6) | 2.0 | 3.0 | 5.4 |
| Reorganization proceedings index (0-3) | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.8 |
| Creditor participation index (0-4) | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.2 |
| Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) | 6.0 | 8.2 | 12.2 |
| Answer | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) | 2.0 | |
| What procedures are available to a DEBTOR when commencing insolvency proceedings? | (b) Debtor may file for liquidation only | 0.5 |
| Does the insolvency framework allow a CREDITOR to file for insolvency of the debtor? | (b) Yes, but a creditor may file for liquidation only | 0.5 |
| What basis for commencement of the insolvency proceedings is allowed under the insolvency framework? | (a) Debtor is generally unable to pay its debts as they mature | 1.0 |
| Management of debtor’s assets index (0-6) | 2.0 | |
| Does the insolvency framework allow the continuation of contracts supplying essential goods and services to the debtor? | No | 0.0 |
| Does the insolvency framework allow the rejection by the debtor of overly burdensome contracts? | No | 0.0 |
| Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of preferential transactions? | Yes | 1.0 |
| Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of undervalued transactions? | Yes | 1.0 |
| Does the insolvency framework provide for the possibility of the debtor obtaining credit after commencement of insolvency proceedings? | No | 0.0 |
| Does the insolvency framework assign priority to post-commencement credit? | (c) No priority is assigned to post-commencement creditors | 0.0 |
| Reorganization proceedings index (0-3) | 0.0 | |
| Which creditors vote on the proposed reorganization plan? | N/A | 0.0 |
| Does the insolvency framework require that dissenting creditors in reorganization receive at least as much as what they would obtain in a liquidation? | No | 0.0 |
| Are the creditors devided into classes for the purposes of voting on the reorganization plan, does each class vote separately and are creditors in the same class treated equally? | No | 0.0 |
| Creditor participation index (0-4) | 2.0 | |
| Does the insolvency framework require approval by the creditors for selection or appointment of the insolvency representative? | No | 0.0 |
| Does the insolvency framework require approval by the creditors for sale of substantial assets of the debtor? | No | 0.0 |
| Does the insolvency framework provide that a creditor has the right to request information from the insolvency representative? | Yes | 1.0 |
| Does the insolvency framework provide that a creditor has the right to object to decisions accepting or rejecting creditors’ claims? | Yes | 1.0 |
[/tab] [/tabs]
[/toggle]
[/accordion]
Miembro de:
Panamá, Rep. de Panamá Torre Dresdner 5to. piso Calle 50 y 55 Este | Tel +(507) 269-1333 | Fax +(507) 269-4553
Apdo.0819-06816 | info@illueca.com